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Table 2 End-organ damage markers in anesthetized pigs subjected to Zone I resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta for 15 min (REBOA15), 30 min (REBOA30), 60 min (REBOA60) and control conditions (no occlusion) and reperfusion for 3 h (n = 6 per group)

From: Total resuscitative endovascular balloon occlusion of the aorta causes inflammatory activation and organ damage within 30 minutes of occlusion in normovolemic pigs

Variables

Baseline

1 h reperfusion

3 h reperfusion

P-ALT (μkat l− 1)

 Control

1.4 (1.1–1.7)

1.4 (1.1–1.7)

1.3 (1.1–1.6)

 REBOA15

1.3 (1.1–1.5)

1.2 (1.0–1.4)

1.2 (1.0–1.5)d

 REBOA30

1.3 (1.1–1.6)

1.3 (1.0–1.5)

1.5 (1.2–1.7)

 REBOA60

1.5 (1.2–1.8)

1.4 (1.0–1.7)

1.7 (1.3–2.1)b

P-AST (μkat l−1)

 Control

1.2 (0.9–1.5)

1.2 (0.7–1.6)d

1.1 (0.6–1.6)cd

 REBOA15

1.1 (0.9–1.3)

1.2 (1.0–1.3)d

1.3 (1.0–1.5) cd

 REBOA30

1.3 (0.8–1.8)

1.8 (1.2–2.3)

2.5 (2.1–3.0)abd

 REBOA60

1.3 (1.0–1.6)

2.4 (1.9–3.0)ab

4.3 (2.4–6.3)abc

P-CK (μkat l−1)

 Control

15 (12–18)

14 (12–17)d

13 (11–15)d

 REBOA15

18 (11–24)

23 (12–34)

21 (10–31)d

 REBOA30

17 (13–21)

22 (16–28)

23 (16–30)d

 REBOA60

22 (15–29)

29 (20–39)a

37 (26–47)abc

P-Creatinine (μmol l−1)

 Control

86 (58–115)

90 (63–116)d

94 (74–114)cd

 REBOA15

75 (66–83)

91 (78–104)d

93 (82–104)cd

 REBOA30

82 (76–88)

116 (102–129)

123 (109–137)ab

 REBOA60

91 (72–110)

136 (110–161)b

151 (126–175)ab

P-Lipase (μkat l−1)

 Control

0.4 (0.2–0.5)

0.2 (0.2–0.3)d

0.2 (0.2–0.3)cd

 REBOA15

0.4 (0.2–0.6)

0.5 (0.2–0.7)

0.4 (0.1–0.7)d

 REBOA30

0.5 (0.3–0.7)

0.8 (0.4–1.3)

1.3 (0.6–2.0)ad

 REBOA60

0.4 (0.2–0.7)

1.5 (0.6–2.3)a

3.0 (1.2–4.9)abc

Urinary output (ml h−1)

 Control

33 (8–58)

59 (−11–128)

60 (19–101)

 REBOA15

33 (10–55)

62 (−36–159)

93 (32–153)

 REBOA30

27 (16–38)

21 (0–43)

46 (10–82)

 REBOA60

33 (18–49)

17 (−1–35)

65 (−8–138)

  1. Data are means (95% confidence interval). ALT Alanine aminotransferase, AST Aspartate aminotransferase, CK Creatine kinase
  2. a Statistically significant difference compared to controls
  3. b Statistically significant difference compared to REBOA 15 min
  4. c Statistically significant difference compared to REBOA 30 min
  5. d Statistically significant difference compared to REBOA 60 min