Table 1 the basic characteristic of the whole study
Characteristic (unit) | Total cases 13639cases N(%) | Training group 9000 cases N(%) | stratified training group 3192 cases N (%) | internal validation 3000 cases N(%) | external validation 1639 cases N(%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender(female) | 7538(55.27) | 4897(54.41) | 1750(54.82) | 1688(56.27) | 953(58.15)* |
Age(year) | 50.09Β±11.18 | 50.06Β±11.11 | 50.31Β±11.21 | 50.27Β±11.52 | 49.97Β±10.94 |
Nationality(Han) | 13082(95.92) | 8666(96.29) | 3085(96.65) | 2899(96.63) | 1517(92.56)** |
Height(cm) | 162.67Β±8.06 | 162.89Β±8.08 | 162.72Β±8.03 | 162.68Β±7.96 | 161.38Β±8.00** |
Weight(kg) | 60.41Β±10.84 | 60.71Β±10.97 | 60.41Β±10.89 | 60.43Β±10.69 | 58.75Β±10.29** |
BSA(m2) | 1.61Β±0.17 | 1.62Β±0.17 | 1.61Β±0.17 | 1.61Β±0.17 | 1.58Β±0.17** |
BMI(kg/ m2) | 22.76Β±3.28 | 22.80Β±3.29 | 22.74Β±3.29 | 22.77Β±3.27 | 22.50Β±3.19** |
Left ventricular diastolic diameter | 56.38Β±13.80 | 56.41Β±13.74 | 56.66Β±13.96 | 56.16Β±14.02 | 56.62Β±13.73 |
Inner diameter of leftatrium(mm) | 50.23Β±13.64 | 50.35Β±13.70 | 50.44Β±14.02 | 50.05Β±14.09 | 49.92Β±12.47 |
Inner diameter of right atrium(mm) | 38.88Β±12.88 | 38.33Β±12.70 | 38.37Β±12.82 | 38.04Β±13.05 | 43.47Β±12.61** |
EF(%) | 58.60Β±8.92 | 58.56Β±8.88 | 58.55Β±8.67 | 58.99Β±8.91 | 57.56Β±8.78** |
Atrial fibrillationhistory | 4430(32.48) | 2984(33.16) | 1061(33.24) | 979(32.63) | 467(28.49)** |
Cardioerter treatment | 66(0.48) | 51(0.57) | 20(0.63) | 13(0.43) | 2(0.12) |
Embolism history | 211(1.55) | 149(1.66) | 60(1.88) | 55(1.83) | (0.43)** |
Thrombushistory | 657(4.82) | 468(5.20) | 168(5.31) | 126(4.20) | 80(4.88) |
Bleeding disease history | 272(1.99) | 191(2.12) | 66(2.09) | 81(2.70) | 0(0.0)** |
History of anticoagulant drugs | 517(3.79) | 349(3.88) | 136(4.30) | 153(5.10) | 15(0.92)** |
Hypertensionhistory | 1342(9.84) | 891(9.90) | 322(10.18) | 326(10.87) | 125(7.63)** |
Diabetes mellitushistory | 428(3.14) | 276(3.07) | 99(3.13) | 103(3.43) | 49(3.00) |
Operation history | 1586(11.63) | 1074(11.93) | 380(12.02) | 365(12.17) | 147(8.97)* |
ALT(IU/L) | 25.86Β±19.81 | 25.90Β±19.66 | 25.63Β±20.06 | 25.55Β±20.17 | 25.25Β±19.96 |
AST(IU/L) | 26.47Β±15.68 | 26.39Β±15.26 | 26.47Β±15.95 | 26.36Β±16.91 | 27.13Β±15.58 |
Total albumen(g/L) | 68.64Β±6.69 | 68.80Β±6.65 | 68.90Β±6.63 | 68.63Β±6.76 | 67.75Β±6.74** |
Albumin(g/L) | 41.57Β±4.67 | 41.67Β±4.62 | 41.72Β±4.65 | 41.59Β±4.77 | 41.03Β±4.69** |
Urea nitrogen(mmol/L) | 6.13Β±2.09 | 6.17Β±2.10 | 6.18Β±2.10 | 6.10Β±2.06 | 6.03Β±2.08 |
Creatinine(ΞΌmol/L) | 77.67Β±19.94 | 77.62Β±19.93 | 77.62Β±19.92 | 77.23Β±19.96 | 78.84Β±19.97* |
PT(s) | 13.30Β±4.10 | 13.34Β±4.29 | 13.28Β±4.00 | 13.37Β±3.77 | 12.93Β±3.52** |
APPT(s) | 31.69Β±8.50 | 31.91Β±8.33 | 31.85Β±8.33 | 32.16Β±9.52 | 29.61Β±7.04** |
Preoperative INR | 1.12Β±0.46 | 1.12Β±0.48 | 1.13Β±0.57 | 1.11Β±0.36 | 1.12Β±0.45 |
NYHA classification | Β | Β | Β | Β | ** |
βI class | 307(2.25) | 228(2.53) | 71(2.25) | 70(2.33) | 9(0.55) |
βII class | 3387(24.83) | 2301(25.57) | 779(24.64) | 728(24.27) | 358(21.84) |
βIII class | 9445(69.25) | 6117(67.97) | 2193(69.35) | 2100(70.00) | 1228(74.92) |
βIVclass | 500(3.67) | 354(3.93) | 149(4.71) | 102(3.40) | 44(2.68) |
ECG | |||||
βSinus rhythm | 7880(57.78) | 5201(57.79) | 1816(57.43) | 1769(58.97) | 910(55.52) |
βAtrial fibrillation | 5674(41.60) | 3746(41.62) | 1362(43.07) | 1210(40.33) | 718(43.81) |
βAtrial flutter | 85(0.62) | 53(0.59) | 14(0.44) | 21(0.70) | 11(0.67) |
Mitral valve surgery | |||||
βPlastic | 107(0.78) | 69(0.77) | 31(0.98) | 27(0.90) | 11(0.67) |
βReplacement | 9806(71.90) | 6431(71.46) | 2277(72.01) | 2130(71.00) | 1245(75.96)* |
Tricuspid valve surgery | |||||
βPlastic | 5071(37.18) | 3262(36.24) | 1141(36.08) | 1066(35.53) | 743(45.33)** |
βReplacement | 261(1.91) | 168(1.87) | 65(2.06) | 62(2.07) | 31(1.89) |
Aortic valve surgery | |||||
βPlastic | 34(0.25) | 22(0.24) | 10(0.32) | 7(0.23) | 5(0.31) |
βReplacement | 7302(53.54) | 4815(53.50) | 1717(54.30) | 1615(53.83) | 872(53.20) |
Left atrial appendage occlusion method | Β | Β | Β | Β | * |
βNon-treated | 12545(91.98) | 8237(91.52) | 2933(92.76) | 2782(92.73) | 1526(93.11) |
βLigation | 485(3.56) | 330(3.67) | 117(3.70) | 89(2.97) | 66(4.03) |
βExcision | 130(0.95) | 93(1.03) | 34(1.08) | 30(1.00) | 7(0.43) |
βinternal suturing | 479(3.51) | 340(3.78) | 108(3.42) | 99(3.30) | 40(2.44) |
Thrombus removal | 1169(8.57) | 788(8.76) | 284(8.98) | 228(7.60) | 153(9.33) |
Radiofrequency ablation | 1157(8.48) | 780(8.67) | 289(9.14) | 261(8.70) | 116(7.08) |
Left atrial volume loss | 242(1.77) | 168(1.87) | 63(1.99) | 48(1.60) | 26(1.59) |
Surgical bleeding | 122(0.89) | 82(0.91) | 26(0.82) | 32(1.07) | 8(0.49) |
Non surgical bleeding | 161(1.18) | 104(1.16) | 38(1.20) | 29(0.97) | 28(1.71) |
Origin of warfarin | 6617(48.52) | 4368(48.53) | 1439(45.51) | 1458(48.60) | 791(48.26) |
Dosage form(2. 5 mg/tablet) | 1.85Β±0.97 | 1.85Β±0.99 | 1.87Β±1.00 | 1.85Β±1.01 | 1.90Β±0.79* |
Starting time of anticoagulation(n days after surgery) | 2.82Β±0.89 | 2.86Β±0.90 | 2.73Β±1.17 | 2.84Β±0.87 | 2.54Β±0.81** |
Warfarindose-subgroup | Β | Β | Β | Β | ** |
βLow-dose | 1774(13.01) | 1064 (11.82) | 1064(33.33) | 363(12.10) | 347(21.17) |
βintermediate-dose | 8640(63.35) | 5702(63.36) | 1064(33.33) | 1905(63.50) | 1033(63.03) |
βHigh-dose | 3225(23.65) | 2234(24.82) | 1064(33.33) | 732(24.40) | 259(15.80) |