Characteristics | Total (N = 442) | Surgical complications | P value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Yes (N = 81) | No (N = 361) | |||
Basic information | ||||
Mean age, years (SD) | 62.84 ± 8.07 | 64.47 ± 7.18 | 62.48 ± 8.22 | 0.044 |
Age categorization | ||||
Age ≤ 65 years | 277 (62.7%) | 48 (59.3%) | 229 (63.4%) | 0.48 |
Age > 65 years | 165 (37.3%) | 33 (40.7%) | 132 (36.6%) | |
Gender (Male, %) | 232 (52.5%) | 62 (76.5%) | 170 (47.1%) | <0.001 |
Mean BMI, kg/m2 (SD) | 23.45 ± 3.01 | 23.80 ± 3.10 | 23.37 ± 2.98 | 0.25 |
BMI categorization | ||||
< 18.5 kg/m2 | 21 (4.8%) | 2 (2.5%) | 19 (5.3%) | 0.51 |
18.5 to 25.0 kg/m2 | 300 (67.9%) | 53 (65.4%) | 247 (68.4%) | |
> 25.0 to <30.0 kg/m2 | 114 (25.8%) | 24 (29.6%) | 90 (24.9%) | |
≥ 30 kg/m2 | 7 (1.6%) | 2 (2.5%) | 5 (1.4%) | |
Mean BSA, m2 (SD) | 1.72 ± 0.16 | 1.76 ± 0.15 | 1.71 ± 0.16 | 0.016 |
Median BSA, m2 (Range) | 1.71 (1.31–2.18) | 1.76 (1.38–2.15) | 1.69 (1.31–2.18) | |
Smoking history | 167 (37.8%) | 46 (56.8%) | 121 (33.5%) | <0.001 |
Preoperative comorbidities | ||||
COPD | 87 (19.7%) | 25 (30.9%) | 62 (17.2%) | 0.005 |
Tuberculosis | 44 (10.0%) | 6 (7.4%) | 38 (10.5%) | 0.40 |
Preoperative respiratory infection | 38 (8.6%) | 15 (18.5%) | 23 (6.4%) | <0.001 |
Hypertension | 148 (33.5%) | 38 (46.9%) | 110 (30.5%) | 0.005 |
Diabetes mellitus | 47 (10.6%) | 5 (6.2%) | 42 (11.6%) | 0.15 |
Coronary heart disease | 45 (10.2%) | 13 (16.0%) | 32 (8.9%) | 0.053 |
Renal insufficiency | 32 (7.2%) | 8 (9.9%) | 24 (6.6%) | 0.31 |
Severe liver diseases | 53 (12.0%) | 9 (11.1%) | 44 (12.2%) | 0.79 |
Previous malignancy | 32 (7.2%) | 8 (9.9%) | 24 (6.6%) | 0.31 |
Steroid use | 23 (5.2%) | 6 (7.4%) | 17 (4.7%) | 0.48 |
Combined treatment modalities | ||||
Neoadjuvant therapy | 31 (7.0%) | 7 (8.6%) | 24 (6.6%) | 0.53 |
Adjuvant chemotherapy | 122 (27.6%) | 26 (32.1%) | 96 (26.6%) | 0.32 |
Intraoperative parameters | ||||
Tumor location | ||||
Right upper lobe | 159 (36.0%) | 22 (27.2%) | 137 (38.0%) | 0.24 |
Left upper lobe | 100 (22.6%) | 17 (21.0%) | 83 (23.0%) | |
Right lower lobe | 78 (17.6%) | 19 (23.5%) | 59 (16.3%) | |
Left lower lobe | 61 (13.8%) | 12 (14.8%) | 49 (13.6%) | |
Right middle lobe | 44 (10.0%) | 11 (13.6%) | 33 (9.1%) | |
Extent of surgery | ||||
Single lobectomy | 369 (83.5%) | 74 (91.4%) | 295 (81.7%) | 0.011 |
Bi-lobectomy | 4 (0.9%) | 2 (2.5%) | 2 (0.6%) | |
Segmentectomy | 69 (15.6%) | 5 (6.2%) | 64 (17.7%) | |
Pleural invasion | ||||
None | 206 (46.6%) | 34 (42.0%) | 172 (47.6%) | 0.65 |
Visceral | 207 (46.8%) | 41 (50.6%) | 166 (46.0%) | |
Parietal | 29 (6.6%) | 6 (7.4%) | 23 (6.4%) | |
Pleural adhesion | ||||
None | 199 (45.0%) | 26 (32.1%) | 173 (47.9%) | 0.007 |
Light | 132 (29.9%) | 25 (30.9%) | 107 (29.6%) | |
Moderate | 71 (16.1%) | 16 (19.8%) | 55 (15.2%) | |
Severe/atresia | 40 (9.0%) | 14 (17.3%) | 26 (7.2%) | |
Pulmonary fissure status | ||||
Complete fissures | 300 (67.9%) | 50 (61.7%) | 250 (69.3%) | 0.19 |
Incomplete fissures | 142 (32.1%) | 31 (38.3%) | 111 (30.7%) | |
Pathological parameters | ||||
Differentiation degree | ||||
Low | 41 (9.3%) | 12 (14.8%) | 29 (8.0%) | 0.091 |
Moderate/high | 401 (90.7%) | 69 (85.2%) | 332 (92.0%) | |
Tumor invasion (T status) | ||||
T1–2 | 425 (96.2%) | 74 (91.4%) | 351 (97.2%) | 0.030 |
T3–4 | 17 (3.8%) | 7 (8.6%) | 10 (2.8%) | |
Lymph node metastasis (N status) | ||||
N1–2 | 78 (17.6%) | 17 (21.0%) | 61 (16.9%) | 0.38 |
N0 | 364 (82.4%) | 64 (79.0%) | 300 (83.1%) | |
TNM stage | ||||
I | 346 (78.3%) | 58 (71.6%) | 288 (79.8%) | 0.15 |
II | 54 (12.3%) | 16 (19.7%) | 38 (10.5%) | |
IIIa | 42 (9.5%) | 7 (8.6%) | 35 (9.7%) |