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Table 1 Baseline characteristics

From: Endoscopic main duct stenting in refractory postoperative pancreatic fistula after distal pancreatectomy – a friend or a foe?

Variable

Overall N = 4061

No POPF n = 2861

POPF n = 1201

p-value2

 

POPF

p-value2

 

No ET n = 1031

ET n = 171

Sex

   

0.370

   

0.573

Female

227 (56)

164 (57)

63 (52)

  

53 (51)

10 (59)

 

Male

179 (44)

122 (43)

57 (48)

  

50 (49)

7 (41)

 

Age

67 (56–73)

68 (58–74)

64 (52–71)

0.015

 

64 (52–72)

64 (55–71)

0.922

ASA

   

0.042

   

0.258

1 to 2

251 (63)

166 (60)

85 (71)

  

75 (73)

10 (59)

 

3 to 4

145 (37)

110 (40)

35 (29)

  

28 (27)

7 (41)

 

CCI

   

0.909

   

0.304

1 to 2

343 (84)

242 (85)

101 (84)

  

85 (83)

16 (94)

 

3 to 5

63 (16)

44 (15)

19 (16)

  

18 (17)

1 (5.9)

 

BMI

26 (23–29)

25 (23–29)

26 (24–30)

0.104

 

26 (24–29)

28 (25–32)

0.154

Smoking

   

0.368

   

0.745

Never

236 (59)

165 (59)

71 (59)

  

61 (59)

10 (59)

 

Previous

105 (26)

70 (25)

35 (29)

  

29 (28)

6 (35)

 

Current

61 (15)

47 (17)

14 (12)

  

13 (13)

1 (5.9)

 

Indication

   

0.093

   

0.105

Not malignant

167 (41)

125 (44)

42 (35)

  

39 (38)

3 (18)

 

Malignant

237 (59)

159 (56)

78 (65)

  

64 (62)

14 (82)

 

Neo-adjuvant therapy

13 (3.2)

9 (3.1)

4 (3.3)

> 0.999

 

99 (96)

17 (100)

1.000

Procedure

   

0.034

   

0.346

Open

345 (85)

250 (87)

95 (79)

  

83 (81)

12 (71)

 

Minimally invasive

61 (15)

36 (13)

25 (21)

  

20 (19)

5 (29)

 

Spleen preserving

27 (6.7)

17 (5.9)

10 (8.3)

0.378

 

6 (5.8)

4 (24)

0.034

Procedure time

   

0.004

   

0.188

< 3 h

152 (38)

121 (43)

31 (26)

  

29 (28)

2 (12)

 

3-4 h

112 (28)

70 (25)

42 (35)

  

33 (32)

9 (53)

 

> 4 h

135 (34)

88 (32)

47 (39)

  

41 (40)

6 (35)

 

Intra-op blood loss

   

0.163

   

0.007

< 300ml

224 (56)

158 (56)

66 (56)

  

61 (61)

5 (29)

 

300-1000ml

141 (35)

105 (37)

36 (31)

  

30 (30)

6 (35)

 

> 1000ml

36 (9.0)

21 (7.4)

15 (13)

  

9 (9.0)

6 (35)

 

Stump closure

   

0.893

   

0.697

Stapler

198 (49)

139 (49)

59 (49)

  

52 (50)

7 (41)

 

Suture

69 (17)

47 (17)

22 (18)

  

19 (18)

3 (18)

 

Stapler and Suture

136 (34)

97 (34)

39 (32)

  

32 (31)

7 (41)

 

Gland texture

   

0.365

   

0.624

Soft

135 (33)

91 (32)

44 (37)

  

38 (37)

6 (35)

 

Intermediate

198 (49)

146 (51)

52 (43)

  

43 (42)

9 (53)

 

Hard

73 (18)

49 (17)

24 (20)

  

22 (21)

2 (12)

 

Duct dimension

   

0.018

   

1.000

≤ 3

250 (87)

164 (83)

86 (93)

  

75 (93)

11 (100)

 

> 3

39 (13)

33 (17)

6 (6.5)

  

6 (7.4)

0 (0.0)

 

Extended resection

        

Pancreatic (right of SMV)

39 (9.6)

28 (9.8)

11 (9.2)

0.846

 

7 (6.8)

4 (24)

0.049

Extra-pancreatic (organ)

98 (24)

66 (23)

32 (27)

0.441

 

27 (26)

5 (29)

0.773

Vascular3

16 (3.9)

8 (2.8)

8 (6.7)

0.091

 

5 (4.9)

3 (18)

0.085

  1. 1 n (%); Median (25-75%).
  2. 2 Pearson’s c2 test; Wilcoxon rank sum test; Fisher’s exact test.
  3. 3 Arterial resection in total n = 3.
  4. Extended resection according to ISGPS = extra-pancreatic (organ) + vascular.
  5. POPF, postoperative pancreatic fistula; ET, endoscopic treatment; BMI, body mass index; SMV, superior mesenteric vein.
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