Table 3 Possible risk factors for bile leakage after primary closure following LCBDE
|  | Bile leakage (n = 16) | No bile leakage (n = 125) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
Demographic factors | |||
 Male/Female | 7/9 | 65/60 | 0.534 |
 Age (years) (≥70/<70) | 4/12 | 29/96 | 0.873 |
 ASA score (I + II/III + IV) | 9/7 | 92/33 | 0.154 |
Preoperative condition | |||
 Serum leukocytes (≥10/<10 × 109/L) | 2/14 | 23/102 | 0.564 |
 Total bilirubin (≥23/<23 umol/L) | 5/11 | 72/53 | 0.054 |
 No. of stones (≥3/<3) | 5/11 | 33/92 | 0.681 |
 Diameter of CBD (<1/≥1 cm) | 6/10 | 13/113 | 0.037 |
 Gallstone (Yes/No) | 12/4 | 97/28 | 0.799 |
Surgical details | |||
 Operative time (≥2/<2 h) | 2/14 | 28/97 | 0.793 |
 Total blood loss (≥50/<50 ml) | 1/15 | 23/102 | 0.250 |
 Method of suture (continuous/interrupted) | 13/3 | 106/19 | 0.713 |
 Length of choledochotomy (≥1.5/<1.5 cm) | 4/12 | 14/111 | 0.131 |
 Surgeon’s experience (initial 70 cases/later cases) | 12/4 | 58/67 | 0.036 |